Svaneti

Soanes are foremost in courage and power. They are masters of the peoples around them, and hold possession of the heights of the Caucasus above Dioscurias. They have a king and a council of three hundred men; and they assemble an army of two hundred thousand, for the whole of the people are a fighting force. It is said that in their country gold is carried down by the mountain-torrents, and that the barbarians obtain it by means of perforated sheep skins, and that this is the origin of the myth of the Golden fleece.

Svaneti is probably the most beautiful region of Georgia and the essence of what country can offer to the foreign tourists. All those stunning photos of historical stone villages, lush green valleys and snow-covered mountains.... the most of them were made here.

But mountains of Svaneti are also much more than catches the eye, not just glaciers, towers and instagrammable (oh, how I hate this word!) locations. First and foremost, for thousands of years they've been a homeland of Svans, a very distinctive ethnic group related to Georgians. Therefore, I don't want to limit this guide to the usual "how to get there and what to eat" fare. I would like to provide also an insight into history, traditions and challenges Svaneti has to face today to help you better understand this very interesting place.

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1. GETTING AROUND SVANETI

Svaneti region is situated in the northwestern Georgia along the southern slopes of Greater Caucasus mountains. It consists of two parts - Upper (Zemo) Svaneti and Lower (Kvemo) Svaneti. Upper Svaneti lies in the watershed of Enguri river. Surrounded by highest Georgian mountains, it is a popular tourist destination. Whenever you read in some foreign magazine about "Svaneti", the author actually means Upper Svaneti.

Lower (Kvemo) Svaneti lies in valley of Tskhenistskali river, separated from Upper Svaneti by the Svaneti mountain range. It feels like completely different world. It also has beautiful mountains, but simply pales in comparison to its northern neighbour. There are no towers and the villages overall don´t look so exotic or medieval. Because of this, Lower Svaneti managed to retain lots of its original atmosphere. As a downside, tourist infrastructure leaves much to be desired.

Getting in

The main road connecting Svaneti with the rest of Georgia runs along the Enguri river. Not so long ago, it used to be a dirt track full of potholes but the Georgian government had it rebuilt in an effort to boost the tourism in the region. The nowadays road is far from perfect, but is still used by absolute majority of travellers heading to Svaneti. Their destination is usually Mestia, the regional capital and a transport hub.

The road along the Enguri river is not the only one connecting Svaneti with the outside world. Another road heads from Kutaisi to Lentekhi, capital of the Lower Svaneti. It is serviced also by public transport - marshrutkas to Lentekhi depart from Kutaisi bus station at 8:00 and 12:00, price of the ride is 30 GEL. If you prefer a taxi, we grabbed one for 120 GEL, but normally expect to pay a bit more (gotrip.ge prices start at around 140 GEL).
The road does not end at Lentekhi. It turns to the east and follows the Tskhenistskali river to its source, where it turns west again and heads over Zagar pass (2623m) towards Ushguli in the Upper Svaneti (there is also an alternative route straight over the Latpari pass, which is in much worse condition). Over past years, lots of effort was spent to pave this road, but there is still a rather long segment around Zagar pass missing, so the route is used only by locals, overlanders and bikers. In theory, one can hire a taxi for this route, but it rarely happens since the drivers are reluctant to drive it and ask a lots of money (easily even 500 GEL for Ushguli - Lentekhi drive)

Getting around Svaneti

Getting around Svaneti can be both easy and complicated, depending on where you need to get. The road to Mestia (and further to Ushguli) sees a decent amount of traffic so have a good chance to catch some marshrutka, shared taxi or to hitch a ride.
Things get more complicated if you plan some smaller villages lying deeper in the side valleys such as Chuberi, Mazeri or Nakra. There is no public transport and little traffic in smaller side valleys so to get there, you may need a taxi. There are many taxi drivers in Mestia, but they are already quite spoiled so it´s recommended to ask several of them for a price. Below are the approximate (tourist) prices of taxi from Mestia to surrounding villages.

Destination	Price in GEL
Mazeri (Ushba glacier hike)	80
Tviberi (Laila base camp trek)	100
Latali (Mkheri hike)	30
Ushguli	200
Nakra	150 - 180

The another option is to ride by marshrutka (which travels only on the Enguri valley) as close to your destination as possible and then walk. Also, if you tell the driver where you need to get, he may be willing to make a detour for some extra cash.

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2. WHEN TO VISIT SVANETI

Svaneti can be visited all year round but the majority of tourists come during summer (for hiking) and during winter (for skiing). Here is the brief overview of the individual periods:

Skiing season (December - mid April)

The skiing season in Svaneti starts in the second half of December and ends in the first half of April.In the vicinity of Mestia, there are two skiing resorts (Hatsvali and Tetnuldi) which offer trails or varying levels of difficulty. Apart from skiing and snowshoeing, there is not much to do, but Svaneti is still a great place to chill - the old villages look magnificent when covered with snow.

Spring season (April - May)

There is not much to do in Svaneti. It is already too late for skiing but too early for some serious trekking - there is still a thick blacket of wet, heavy snow at the mountain passes. If you plan to hike, you will be limited only to the easier strolls. Yet, this is actually a decent period if you plan to come only for the sightseeing since there will be only a fraction of tourists compared to the summer. However, keep in mind that landscape will be a bit "gray" after the winter.

Early summer (late May - June)

During this period, first more difficult hiking trails open (such as famous Mestia - Ushguli). Hikers can enjoy striking contrast between vividly green valleys and snowed mountains, blooming rhododendrons and many other flowers. However, it has a price - this period has more rainy days.

High season (July - August)

The busiest time in Svaneti (especially during August). Mestia - Ushguli trail is crowded and it´s recommended to book your place at the guesthouses, yet I was surprised how few people I met at the other well-known trails such as crossings of Guli and Baki pass. The weather is mostly nice (even though also a rainy period can occur) and the days are hot.

Autumn season (September - mid October)

One of the best periods for trekking in Svaneti. The crowds have mostly left, but the days are still mostly pleasant and dry. At the end of September, trees get their characteristic autumn foliage and keep it till the first serious snows block the trekking trails in the second half of October.

Late autumn (late October - November)

Low season in Svaneti. Days are short, cold and there is overall not much to do. Autumn colors are gone and the place looks a bit depressing. Good period for people who like to visit famous places without the crowds.

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3. WHERE TO STAY

Most of the tourists stay in Mestia - this city alone has more hotels, guesthouses and homestays than the rest of Svaneti combined. I won't get into much detail here, I already wrote a longer post about accommodation in Mestia.
The offer in the smaller villages is more limited. With the exception of Mazeri and villages lying on the Mestia - Ushguli trail, you will find only one or two guesthouses per villages, if any at all. If there is none, just ask around. Georgians are masters of improvisation and should be able to come with some solution.
There is also one more thing you should know, especially if you are using online booking portals. The price you pay (especially in villages) is often higher than the one advertised. That is because while you see only a price of the room while booking, landlords often assume that you will want also full board, prepare it and charge you (even if you don´t ask for it). To avoid misunderstanding, I recommend to ask in advance about prices of these meals and if you don't want full board, announce it beforehand.

Looking for a place to stay in Mestia before the trek?
These are my favorite guesthouses

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4. WHERE TO EAT

In Svaneti, there are basically two kinds of places where you can get a warm meal - restaurants and guesthouses. Restaurants can be found in Mestia, Ushguli and along the Zugdidi - Mestia road. They work like everywhere else - you order the food, get what you asked for and pay for it. But, to be honest, I am not a big fan - guesthouses in general offer much better value for money. Still, there are occassions where one prefers to eat outside. These are Mestia restaurants I usually go for:

Vichnashi - a rather small restaurant situated right by the central ticket office. But if you secure a spot, all is great - the food is tasty and portions are large. We were happy to find out that they have a large selections of "kompots" :)

Terrace Tower - a rather new restaurant, opened only in 2024 in the city centre. But the ambitions are certainly there - it offers large portions of a very tasty food for a reasonable prices. Even tho these meals sometimes arrive at somewhat random times. Serves both traditional Georgian cuisine and burgers/pizza (our favorite was ojakhuri - large portion for a very good price). A minor downside is that there is no outside seating, but that should change once they open the terrace at the second floor.

Lushnu Qor - pleasant, popular beer garden in the eastern part of the city, a great place to grab a few beers and something to eat in the evening. Professional service and a rather good food, although we would welcome a slightly larger portions.

MAG Shawarma & FastFood - worth the walk, especially good if you want something solid and cheap for lunch. Even the basic, "standard sized" shawarma was rather large and kept me full till the evening. It tasted a little bit differently compared to what I am used to, but still very tasty. Only one thing - they put their shawarmas into the contact grill. If you, just like me, prefer your flatbreak not too hard and fragile, tell them to keep it there for shorter.

Old House Restaurant - a pretty good, cozy restaurant attached to a pretty good hotel. Situated in the higher parts of Mestia, right above Sergo Khergiani's tower. Also, this is a perfect place to grab a beer in the late evening and enjoy it from the balcony (although a views are a bit obscured by a aforementioned tower :))

If you are staying at the guesthouse, you can order breakfast and dinner (and on Mestia - Ushguli trail also a lunchbox). Breakfast usually costs 20 GEL, the dinner 30 GEL. The dinner tends to usually consist of multiple courses, so it is, compared to what you get at any restaurant, not expensive at all. Also, I think the food at homestays with good cuisine has higher quality and is more varied when compared to any restaurant in Svaneti.

Also, since this section is about food, let´s briefly mention some typical Svan dishes. Because of the natural conditions, Svan cuisine is not as varied and refined as a cuisine of Georgians living in the lowlands. It is simple, hearty and filling. The signature Svan dish is kubdari - flatbread filled by ground meat, onions and herbs (basically, it is a khachapuri with meat). Another popular meal is chvishtari, small crispy loaves of cornbread filled with cheese. And last but not least is tashmijabi, which is essentially a potato puree with cheese. Staple ingredient of Svan cuisine is also Svan salt (svanuri marili), a popular seasoning mix (and also a great souvenir). It is a mixture of sea salt, dried garlic, fenugreek, coriander, chili pepper, dill and several other herbs. It goes nicely with roasted potatoes or chicken meat.

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5. MONEY, INTERNET, MEDICINE

Money

While in Svaneti, it´s better not to rely on your bank card and just pay everything with cash. While some restaurants accept cards, the majority of guesthouses and other shops don't.

If you didn´t bring enough GEL (Georgian currency) to Svaneti, you can still get it in Mestia. There are two ATMs and several currency exchanges. But when going to smaller villages, always bring enough cash - if there is no other option, locals may be willing to accept Euros or Dollars, but at a pretty bad rate.

Internet connection

Svaneti has surprisingly good coverage. The signal is strong not only in tourist hotspots but also on the mountain ridges and other elevated places. For example, we had 3G at places such as Koruldi ridge, Gorvashi pass or Latpari pass.

Of course, to use this coverage, you will need also wi-fi or your own sim card with prepaid data. I strongly recommend the latter - while many guesthouses offer wi-fi for free, you get what you pay for. These networks are often hopelessly overloaded by other tourists and trying to access anything through them is the exercise in futility.

Much better is to have your own sim card (can be bought right at the airports). Georgia has three major phone operators - Magti, Geocell and Beeline. They all offer some kind of a tourist package which usually contains some calls as well as 3GB of mobile data. I prefer Magti since it has the best coverage, especially in the mountains. If you decide to buy the sim car in Mestia, you will have to stick with Beeline since it is the only operator which has a booth there (right at the Seti Square).

3GB of data is a lot, but can be spent - especially with the assistance of stingy friends who didn´t buy their own simcard and then keep nagging you about a wi-fi hotspot 🙂. Luckily, there is an option to buy more. In several Mestia stores, you can see orange or blue payboxes which you can use to send some credit to your phone number. Once you have it, call " 11** " to access menu where you can spend it (but it is only in Georgian so ask some friends or your landlord to do it for you). So, overall, it's much more convenient to pay for unlimited data.

Hospital & pharmacies

Mestia has a small but pretty modern hospital situated in the western part of the city. Visited it only once, when friend got bitten by a dog, and was satisfied with the level of the treatment he got. Even tho by their looks, one could easily confuse some members of the personnel with patients.

In the city, there are also at least two pharmacies. Pharmadepot is larger one and can be found in the hospital building. The other one, Seti Pharma, is is situated in the city center, right by the Police station. The staff here doesn´t speak English so you will witness here a lots of foreign tourists practicing their pantomime.

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6. WHAT TO DO IN SVANETI

Trekking and hiking

I assume you this is not new to you since you are on this web, but Svaneti is a great trekking destination. It offers a wide range of trails of varying length and difficulty. One of the greatest advantages of trekking in Svaneti is that villages are located densely enough to allow for a "guesthouse trekking" - you can spend up to 8-10 days on the trail without having to sleep in a tent. And of course, there are also many more remote treks where you will utilize a tent.
An extensive list of treks is available on a separate tab. If you are interested mainly in hikes, check the list of walks you can do around Mestia, the best base for day hikes in Svaneti. Another post covers best hikes in the vicinity of Ushguli, maybe the most photogenic Svan village.

Mountaineering

In spite or many hiking trails Svaneti offers, only a very few of them climb some mountain (mainly because they follow old shepherd paths). Therefore, if you wanna get high, you will have to spend some extra effort. The most popular climbing peaks in Svaneti are Mt. Laila (4008m), Tetnuldi (4858m), Banguriani (3838m) and Kakhiani (3702m). But to brave any of them, you will need either a sufficient experience or a guide. Then there is Mt. Shkhara (5193m), the highest mountain of Georgia and Mt. Ushba (4710m), which is considered to be the deadliest mountain in the Caucasus.

Skiing and ski-touring

Svaneti is also an emerging skiing destination. On a relatively small area, you can find two brand new skiing resorts. Hatsvali lies at the edge of Mestia and offers runs for beginners and intermediates. The upper cable car station lies on the top of Zuruldi ridge at the elevation of 2350m.
Tetnuldi is the newest Georgian ski resort, opened only in 2016. It lies beneath the mountain of the same name, some 15 km away from Mestia. It caters to more skilled skiers and lovers of freeriding. The highest station lies at the elevation of 3165m. Overall, Tetnuldi still feels a bit rough and "unfinished" but has a great perspective and in a few years may grab from Gudauri the title "the largest Georgian ski resort".

Are you into ski-touring? You may want to check out our
Svaneti skitouring tour

Mountain biking

Svaneti also offers many opportunities for mountain biking. While the Zugdidi - Mestia road is very busy and not the safest place for a biker (mildly speaking), there are many dirt roads in the region with nice profile and almost non-existent traffic. Also some hiking trails can be tackled on a bike, though definitely not all of them and stories from bikers who made it to places such a Guli pass are a sonstant source of entertainmetn. The most popular is the route which starts in Mestia, heads east to Ushguli, then crosses Zagar pass to Lower Svaneti and turns west to Lentekhi.

Horse riding

In Svaneti, you have also an option to do some horseriding. This activity is not as popular as one would expect and currently, the most profitable horse is the one which shuttles tourists over Adischala river on the Mestia - Ushguli trek. Yet, there are several villages which are good bases for horse trips. Mazeri village is a great for trips to the Shdughra waterfall or towards the Baki pass and Ushguli is a good base for horse trips to the Shkhara glacier or the Zagar pass.

Rafting

Looking at its wild rivers and spectacular setting, it´s not hard to understand why Svaneti is also a premium rafting destination. However, the infrastructure and information are still lacking so this activity is still in its infancy. Currently, the rivers of Svaneti are mostly braved by Georgian and Eastern European rafting clubs. The most popular rivers are Nenskra and Enguri in the Upper Svaneti and Tskhenistskali in the Lower Svaneti. Their difficulty levels start at III-IV, which means they are suited for more experienced rafters. If you ever stood on the Mestia bridge and looked down into the Mulkhura gorge, you will surely understand why :)

Admiring old churches

In Svaneti, one can find also many churches, many of them being 1000 old. These buildings are often unassuming and many tourists pass them, not knowing about the antique frescoes they treasure. Yet, it shouldn´t be that hard to get inside - even if the church is locked, if you ask around, you should be able to find someone to unlock it and show you around (for a small fee).
The village most famous for its sacral architecture is Latali, which used to be one of the richest villages in Svaneti. Once, it boasted 60 of them, so it had more churches than living houses. Nowadays, only 25 of them remain, mostly serving as family shrines. The main Latali church is Matskhvari (Saviour's church), treasuring preverved 12th century paintings by Miqael Maghlakelidze. Nearby also stands the only church in Georgia devoted to Prophet Jonas.
Another interesting group of churches is situated along the short stretch of Enguri river, in villages Kala, Iprari and Nakipari. Here, you can see some of the nicest frescoes in Svaneti - they were painted by King David´s court painter Theodore over a timespan of 40 years. Just be prepared they are not in the best condition since they weren´t touched in hundreds of years (Georgian government only recently launched the initiative for their restoration).

Going to movies

Or, exactly, going to the movie. In Mestia, there is exactly one cinema, "Dede Pub & Cinema". And it plays exactly one movie - however, a very special one. Dede takes place in the mountains of Svaneti during the early 90s and tells the story of a woman who tries to find happiness in life and has to her struggle with local traditions. The movie was shot by Mariam Khatchvani who was born and raised in Ushguli and almost all roles are played by local people with no previous experience with acting. In spite of this, Dede won awards at several prestigious movie festivals.
And what do I think about it? I really liked it. There were some issues with the pacing but the overall atmosphere is really good, thanks to the stunning shots of the nature and depiction of various local customs and traditions. And when the movie ended and I left the screening room onto sunny streets of Mestia, I realized that the movie really "did it" - for 90 minutes, it took me back in time and space, to harsh, snowy Ushguli.

Sightseeing

And last but not least, there is also good old sightseeing. There is a certain charm in visiting various old villages, roaming their muddy streets and admiring the traditional Svan architecture. The most impressive are the villages west of Latali which were part of "Free Svaneti" and therefore developed typical tower houses (which had no purpose in villages belonging to Georgian nobility). My favorite of them is Lakhiri which retained a lot of its original atmosphere and looks simply stunning against the backdrop of the Tetnuldi mountain. A few more interesting places can be found here.

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7. ITINERARIES

A few ideas how to spend your time in Svaneti. Some itineraries are made for "tourists" - people who don´t come to Svaneti primarily to hike but are willing to stretch their legs a bit if it gets them to some nice places. These provide enough extra time for breaks, beer and eating. Other itineraries are for "hikers" who are fit and willing to hike a lot (but didn´t bring their camping gear).

TOURIST

3 days

Day 1​: Transport from Zugdidi to Mestia, in the afternoon hike to the cross on the ​ Tshakazagari mountain​ (or you can just take a car there, prices for a ride start at 100 GEL).
Day 2:​ Drive by Hatsvali cable car to the top of Zuruldi ridge. Stroll on the ridge to the transmitter and back​. Return to Mestia, visit Svaneti museum or Margiani tower museum. In the evening, see the Dede movie in the local cinema.
Day 3:​ Daytrip to Ushguli by shared taxi.

5 days

Day 1​:​ Transport from Zugdidi to Mazeri. Walk to the Shdughra waterfalls​.
Day 2:​ ​ In the morning, take a taxi to Mestia. Hike to the cross (or just take a taxi there or even to Koruldi lakes​ and back) and visit Svaneti Ethnographical museum.
Day 3:​ Drive by Hatsvali cable car to the top of Zuruldi ridge. Stroll on the ridge to the transmitter and back​. Return to Mestia, visit Margiani tower museum. In the evening, see the Dede movie in the local cinema.
Day 4:​ Trip to Ushguli. Find a guesthouse, then explore the village and climb to the Queen Tamar tower. Sleepover in Ushguli.
Day 5: Walk, ride the horse or drive to the ​ Shkhara glacier and back​. Transport to Mestia.

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HIKER

3 days

Day 1​: ​Transport from Zugdidi to Mestia. In the afternoon, ride by the Hatsvali cable car and stroll on the Zuruldi ridge​. Visit of Svaneti museum or Margiani tower museum (or both).
Day 2:​ Hike to the Chkhuti ridge​.
Day 3:​ Daytrip to Ushguli by shared taxi.

5 days (dayhikes, using Mestia as a base)

Day 1​: Transport from Zugdidi to Mestia. In the afternoon, ride by the Hatsvali cable car and stroll on the Zuruldi ridge​. Visit of Svaneti museum or Margiani tower museum (or both).
Day 2:​ Hike to the Chkhuti ridge​.
Day 3:​ Hike to the Mkheri church​.
Day 4:​ Daytrip to Ushguli by a shared jeep.
Day 5: Hike from Mestia to Mazeri over Guli pass​. Then take taxi back to Mestia (best pre-arranged). Of course, these days can be rearranged as you see fit. The good weather is the most crucial for days 2 and 5.

5 days (village-to-village hiking)

Day 1​: Transport from Zugdidi to Mestia. In the afternoon, ride by the Hatsvali cable car and stroll on the Zuruldi ridge​. Visit of Svaneti museum or Margiani tower museum (or both).
Day 2:​ Hike to the Chkhuti ridge​. Descend south towards Lakhiri and spend a night there. If this looks too demanding, just do the day 1 of classic Mestia - Ushguli trek​
Day 3:​ Hike from Lakhiri to Adishi (a bit longer than classic Zhabeshi - Adishi route, but completely doable).
Day 4:​ Hike from Adishi to Iprali.
Day 5: Hike to Ushguli, explore the village and return to Mestia in the afternoon by shared taxi.

8 days (village-to-village hiking)

Day 1​: ​ Transport from Zugdidi to Etseri. Swift hike to Mazeri​.
Day 2:​ Hike from Mazeri to Mestia​.
Day 3:​ Recovery day - visit museums, treat blisters, eat and sleep.
Day 4:​ Start of the trek from Mestia to Ushguli via Tsvirmi​.
Day 5: Trek from Tsvirmi to Adishi.
Day 6:​ Trek from Adishi to Khalde.
Day 7:​ Trek from Khalde to Ushguli over the Lagem pass​. The night in Ushguli.
Day 8: Hike from Ushguli to Chvelpi​​ (or even to Maami if you are fast enough). As an alternative, you can descend from Latpari pass north to Kala village in the Upper Svaneti.

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8. HISTORY OF SVANETI

Svans inhabited the Caucasus mountains since the antiquity but first were mentioned only by Greek Geographer Strabo in 7. B.C. Their lands originally belonged to the Kingdom of Colchis, known from the Greek mythology as "The Land of the Golden Fleece". After dissolution of Colchis, it became a part of a Roman province Lazica but kept a great degree of independence. In the 6th century AD, the whole province was a subject of bitter wars between Byzance and Sasanid empire. In the 9th century, Svaneti joined the Kingdom of Abkhazia and together with it was in the 11th century incorporated into the Kingdom of Georgia.

The Golden Age of the Georgian Kingdom in the 12th century brought prosperity also to Svaneti - from this period originate the most beautiful churches and works of art. Svans still have great respect for Georgian queen Tamar, who fell in love with the province and regularly visited it.

Once the kingdom collapsed in the 15th century, Svans of Upper Svaneti formed so-called Free Svaneti, a loose confederation of self-governing communities. There were ruled by local councils comprised of adult men and women. Still, feuds were quite common - that’s why each clan built towers Svaneti is nowadays famous for. Blood feuds were usually regulated by mediators according to the traditions, but towers were still necessary when things got out of control.

Those times of freedom/anarchy ended in the 19th century when the region got conquered by Russia. There were several unsuccessful revolts - the most famous of them occurred in 1876 and was ended by the destruction of Khalde village.

The most important event under the Soviet rule was a series of avalanches in the winter of 1986-1987 which killed more than 80 people. As a result, almost ten thousands of Svans were evacuated, mostly to the semi-deserts near the Azerbaijani border.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Georgia fell into chaos and Svans temporarily gained de-facto an autonomy. Svaneti got quite dangerous at this period - since there was virtually no police, some Svans turned to banditry and kidnappings. Only in 2004, the Georgian government sent an army to the area, busting the worst troublemakers. And the rest quickly learned that there are other, more peaceful and sustainable strategies to get the tourist money.

Unfortunately, the result is in some cases debatable, with the capital od Svaneti, Mestia, being the prime example. The center of the city was rebuilt into something resembling Swiss village. Same with the new church of St. Nicholas which sticks out like a sore thumb since it wasn´t built in a traditional Svan style but in the one typical for the lowlands. And if you want to make a Svan mad, start singing the praise of the new Queen Tamar statue at the central square. While made by a famous sculptor, it´s simply too artsy for the liking of the locals so the government rather decided to install it overnight.

In 2004 started another era in the history of Svaneti. The government of Mikhail Saakashvili pledged to turn it into “Switzerland in the Caucasus”, world´s premium tourist destination and spent millions of dollars on the infrastructure and promotion. A new airport was opened in 2010. The road connecting Mestia, with lowlands was rebuilt and currently, it´s being prolonged all the way to Ushguli. Two brand new ski resorts, Hatsvali and Tetnuldi sprung up in the vicinity of Mestia. And there are talks of the tunnel connecting Mestia with Lentekhi to the south.

Still, for nature lovers, there are still enough places to see "unchanged" Svaneti. Most tourists are concentrated in Mestia, many make day trips by jeeps to Ushguli but most of them are not interested in serious trekking. The trail from Mestia to Ushguli is the most popular Georgian trek, but still only a little frequented by Western standards.

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9. SVAN LANGUAGE

Svan (lushnu nin) belongs to the family of three Kartvelian languages (the other being Georgian and Mingrelian). It was the first language to split from proto-Kartvelian language family some 5000 years ago and nowadays is incomprehensible to the Georgian speakers. Yes, it is often incorrectly considered to be a dialect of Georgian.

Nowadays, it has about 20 000 speakers and belongs to the endangered languages (as all other local languages in the Caucasus). The knowledge of the Svan declines, generation by generation - even though the older generation usually speaks Svan well, younger people who often work and marry with Georgians have fewer opportunities to use Svan in their daily communication and fewer reasons to teach it to their children.

Georgian government also looked at Svan language with suspicion. Being heavily hit by the separatist movements in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, there were unspoken fears that promoting Svan and elevating it to the standalone language could have political consequences. The situation partially improved in the past few years but Svan is still not taught at schools and receives no funding. Also, this policy has the support of the Georgian church which strongly opposed the translation of the New Testament into Svan.

If you plan to visit Svaneti, I recommend to learn a few basic Svan phrases - it is a very simple yet effective way to show locals that you care about the place you are visiting. Probably the most useful phrase is "ivasu khari" - in Svan, it means "thank you". Another widely known phrase is "khocha ladagh", a Svan greeting - but I don´t use it too often since I might raise unrealistic expectations from the other side. I use it only to greet people who know that my Svan vocabulary is limited to like 10 words :)

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10. SVAN FESTIVALS

Svans never struggled to find a reason to celebrate. Before the Second World War, 160 festivals were annually held in Svaneti and several dozens of them survived till the present days. Some of them are celebrated in whole Svaneti, others are limited to the certain village or area. A few of the most important ones are:

Lipanali

Lipanali is a festival celebrated from 18th January till the next Monday. Afterlife and ancestors always played an important role in the Svan culture and also this festival is devoted to them. During the festival, Svans invite their deceased ancestors to their homes and live with them for the rest of the week.

Preparations for the festival are as important as the event itself. The whole house must be scrubbed and cleaned - spirits won´t enter the dirty home. Then, on 18th January, the head of the family goes to the western entrance of the church and prays so his ancestors can leave the heavens. Then, he guides them home, where the rest of the family prepared them a feasting table with food and wine. Also, a special wooden pole is placed by the stove where the spirits can sit and warm themselves. Then starts a feast, during which the family raise toasts to their ancestors and promise to remember them. Svans believe that spirits could affect the fates of the living ones for the next year and during this festival, they discuss and plot their future.

On the next day, villagers slaughter pigs and bake special meat pies. Then, on the last day of the week, Svans raise the last toasts to their ancestors and see them off to the door so they can return to the heavens.

Lamproba

Lamproba is an ancient festival held in the first half of February. In fact, it is so ancient that no one knows for sure what was its original purpose. According to one theory, it was held to count the number of available warriors (because Svans lit one lamp for each grown-up man in their family). According to other sources, it was meant to meet the spring, pray for the good harvest or remember the deceased members of the family.

During the celebration, the members of wider families meet at the cemeteries by the graves of their relatives. Here, they lit torches made of a bitch food, feast, and sing. There are also various wrestling and drinking contests taking place.

Kvirikoba

Kvirikoba is the most important Svan festival. It takes place on 28th July at the Kala village - Svans gather here to secure the Divine favor, meet their relatives and reconnect with their roots. The Church of St. Quiricus (among Svans known also as Lagurka - "the holy place") is known not only because of its beautiful frescoes, but mainly as a depository of "Shalian´s icon" - 1000 years old, richly decorated icon, named after a local folk hero who got it as a present from the Georgian king. The icon is the holiest religious artifact in Svaneti - the leaders of local clans settled the blood feuds by oaths placed upon this icon and it also served as a "lie detector" in case of serious crimes. For most of the year, the icon is locked up in the museum and only on this day exposed to the public.

Apart from a morning mass, the festival doesn´t have a fixed schedule. Like many other Georgian festivals, it´s mainly a great gathering of locals, where the unprepared tourist may fell a bit inappropriately. While it is a Christian festival, it adopted also some pagan elements one usually doesn´t see in Europe such as ritual animal sacrifices or weightlifting contents.

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11. LOCAL ISSUES

It may seem otherwise, but not everything in Svaneti is a bed of roses. There are several pressing issue which either bother the local population or could affect Svaneti in a negative way. Some of the most obvious of them are:

Construction of hydropower dams

Georgia is one of the richest countries in water resources. Nowadays, 80% of its total electricity output comes from hydropower plants. In the effort to increase its energy security, the Georgian government has planned dozens of new hydropower plants. Some of the largest of them are going to be built in Svaneti, but, unfortunately, it's happening against the will of the local population.

The most controversial hydropower dams planned in Svaneti are Nenskra and Khudoni dam. 280 MW Nenskra dam is currently being built at the upper part of the Nenskra river. It will feature a 130 meters high concrete wall and upon completion, it will flood several hundred hectares of the forested valley. Also, in order to fill it up with water, Nakra river running in the adjacent valley will be almost completely drained and redirected by the underground tunnel. Khudoni project is even more ambitious. This dam will be 200 meters high and have an energy output of 700 MW, increasing the electricity production of Georgia by 20%. However, there is also a high price to pay - the project will require flooding of large swathes of Enguri valley and resettlement of 2000 people from 14 affected villages.

Svans are strongly opposed to both projects. In May 2018, representatives of all 17 communities of the Upper Svaneti gathered in Mestia for Lalkhor, a traditional Svan council. They came up with a joint statement in which they demand ban development of any infrastructure without prior consultations and their consent. They are especially worried about the poorly assessed environmental risks, flooding of whole villages with their cemeteries and holy sites, loss of tourism potential of the area and the complete lack of communication from both government and the investor. They feel that Svaneti as a region will only lose if the government turns its beautiful, forested valleys into huge water reservoirs. Also, let´s admit it, no one really wants to live beneath the 100 meters high dam full of water.

So far, the complaints of Svans have been ignored - government claims that the development of large dams such as Khudoni, is of the utmost strategic importance for the country. Yet the critics of the plan point out that so many hydropower plants are not needed and that this excess energy will be simply exported to Turkey - and wonder if the extra money will be worth the social and environmental costs. Either way, further conflicts can be expected in the future, especially if the government greenlights the construction of Khudoni dam and starts with the resettlement.

Disputed land ownership

For hundreds of years, the ownership of land i Svaneti was determined by so-called "traditional ownership". These lands got expropriated during the Soviet period but after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, during the period of lawlessness, Svan families redistributed them again based on traditional rights. The problem was that they did it only informally and from the legal point of view, the land still belonged to the state.

After the state gained full control of Svaneti in 2004, it realized that there is a great difference between the land maps (which show all land as belonging to the state) and "traditions ownership". And introduced the procedure which let Svans register their lands also officially. However, many families which tried to register lands in the vicinity of tourist infrastructure or planned hydropower dams found out that the state did everything possible in order to block the process. As a result, projects such as Hatsvali skiing resort or Mestia airport were built on confiscated land and no compensations were given. This situation caused a lot of bad blood, caused several protests and is not cleared out till today.

Tourism

Tourism is truly a double-edged sword. It has indisputable benefits - the money it brings to the region are used to improve the local infrastructure, build roads, repair crumbling towers. Also, tourism helped to reverse the trend of depopulation of Svaneti. Young people started to return to the land of their ancestors because of the better economic opportunities. Yet, everything has a price and there are reasons why the people from other parts of Georgia speak about tourism development in Svaneti not only with jealousy but also with a bit of mockery and horror.

The problem is that the mass tourism is changing Svaneti at unprecedented speed. Svans originally lived off the land but suddenly, a new, much faster way to make money has emerged. Some people adapted faster than the others, opened guesthouses and got rich. And while many tourists are attracted by "traditional way of life", the people who still live this way do not benefit from the sudden influx of tourists and are as poor as before. If nothing changes, all Svans may eventually abandon herding and agriculture, build guesthouses on their farmland and ski sloped on their pastures. This authentic, self-sufficient eco-system will become fully dependent on the tourist money and lose part of its original charm.

This also spoiled relations in many communities. The life earlier was much harder but people had to cooperate and care for each other to survive. This is no longer the case - now, they compete for tourist money.

The look of the land is not the only problem - also the attitude of people is changing. People who head to Upper Svaneti to experience authentic mountain hospitality they keep hearing about are up for a disappointment. It is natural - traditional rules of hospitality are simply not compatible with mass tourism. I am not saying that Svan hospitality doesn´t exist - it does, but it stays hidden in more secluded valleys and is hard to find at the "must-see" places.

Yet, I don´t want to suffer too much from the nostalgic optimism and complain how better were things back then. So I will end this post with a quote by my friend Vahur Lokk, who provided another perspective:

My father was a mountaineer and spent much of his summers on both sides of Main Caucasus range from late 60ies to early 80ies. Back then Svaneti was not considered a safe area, it was a very isolated community where Soviet rule barely reached. Being a guest was one thing and old customs were honored, but a group camping somewhere in the mountains was a fair game. Up to robberies. Going solo was considered highly dangerous. So let's be happy that they have learned more civilized ways to take our money and we can walk freely in this beautiful place :)